Model of Fixed Point Arithmetic

In the strict mode, the predefined arithmetic operations of a fixed point type shall satisfy the accuracy requirements specified here and shall avoid or signal overflow in the situations described.

Implementation Requirements

The accuracy requirements for the predefined fixed point arithmetic operations and conversions, and the results of relations on fixed point operands, are given below.

The operands of the fixed point adding operators, absolute value, and comparisons have the same type. These operations are required to yield exact results, unless they overflow.

Multiplications and divisions are allowed between operands of any two fixed point types; the result has to be (implicitly or explicitly) converted to some other numeric type. For purposes of defining the accuracy rules, the multiplication or division and the conversion are treated as a single operation whose accuracy depends on three types (those of the operands and the result). For decimal fixed point types, the attribute T'Round may be used to imply explicit conversion with rounding (see 3.5.10).

When the result type is a floating point type, the accuracy is as given in G.2.1. For some combinations of the operand and result types in the remaining cases, the result is required to belong to a small set of values called the perfect result set; for other combinations, it is required merely to belong to a generally larger and implementation-defined set of values called the close result set. When the result type is a decimal fixed point type, the perfect result set contains a single value; thus, operations on decimal types are always fully specified.

When one operand of a fixed-fixed multiplication or division is of type universal_real, that operand is not implicitly converted in the usual sense, since the context does not determine a unique target type, but the accuracy of the result of the multiplication or division (that is, whether the result has to belong to the perfect result set or merely the close result set) depends on the value of the operand of type universal_real and on the types of the other operand and of the result.

For a fixed point multiplication or division whose (exact) mathematical result is v, and for the conversion of a value v to a fixed point type, the perfect result set and close result set are defined as follows:

If the result type is an ordinary fixed point type with a small of s,

The close result set is an implementation-defined set of consecutive integer multiples of s containing the perfect result set as a subset.

If the result type is a decimal type with a small of s,

otherwise, if truncation applies, then it contains only the integer multiple of s in the direction toward zero, whereas if rounding applies, then it contains only the nearest integer multiple of s (with ties broken by rounding away from zero).

The close result set is an implementation-defined set of consecutive integer multiples of s containing the perfect result set as a subset.

If the result type is an integer type,

otherwise, it contains the integer nearest to the value v (if v lies equally distant from two consecutive integers, the perfect result set contains the one that is further from zero).

The close result set is an implementation-defined set of consecutive integers containing the perfect result set as a subset.

The result of a fixed point multiplication or division shall belong either to the perfect result set or to the close result set, as described below, if overflow does not occur. In the following cases, if the result type is a fixed point type, let s be its small; otherwise, that is when the result type is an integer type, let s be 1.0.

For a multiplication or division neither of whose operands is of type universal_real, let l and r be the smalls of the left and right operands. For a multiplication, if (l · r) / s is an integer or the reciprocal of an integer (the smalls are said to be “compatible” in this case), the result shall belong to the perfect result set; otherwise, it belongs to the close result set. For a division, if l / (r · s) is an integer or the reciprocal of an integer (that is, the smalls are compatible), the result shall belong to the perfect result set; otherwise, it belongs to the close result set.

For a multiplication or division having one universal_real operand with a value of v, note that it is always possible to factor v as an integer multiple of a “compatible” small, but the integer multiple may be “too big”. If there exists a factorization in which that multiple is less than some implementation-defined limit, the result shall belong to the perfect result set; otherwise, it belongs to the close result set.

A multiplication P * Q of an operand of a fixed point type F by an operand of type Integer, or vice versa, and a division P / Q of an operand of a fixed point type F by an operand of type Integer, are also allowed. In these cases, the result has the type of F; explicit conversion of the result is never required. The accuracy required in these cases is the same as that required for a multiplication F(P * Q) or a division F(P / Q) obtained by interpreting the operand of the integer type to have a fixed point type with a small of 1.0.

The accuracy of the result of a conversion from an integer or fixed point type to a fixed point type, or from a fixed point type to an integer type, is the same as that of a fixed point multiplication of the source value by a fixed point operand having a small of 1.0 and a value of 1.0, as given by the foregoing rules. The result of a conversion from a floating point type to a fixed point type shall belong to the close result set. The result of a conversion of a universal_real operand to a fixed point type shall belong to the perfect result set.

The possibility of overflow in the result of a predefined arithmetic operation or conversion yielding a result of a fixed point type T is analogous to that for floating point types, except for being related to the base range instead of the safe range. If all of the permitted results belong to the base range of T, then the implementation shall deliver one of the permitted results; otherwise,

if T'Machine_Overflows is True, the implementation shall either deliver one of the permitted results or raise Constraint_Error;

G.2.3 Model of Fixed Point Arithmetic

Implementation Requirements