A.16 The Package Directories
{
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The package Directories provides operations for manipulating files and
directories, and their names.
Discussion: {
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The notes for this subclause contain the expected interpretations of
some of the operations on various target systems. “Unix”
refers to the UNIX® operating system, and in most cases also covers
Unix-like systems such as Linux and POSIX. “Windows®”
refers to the Microsoft® Windows® 2000 operating system and usually
also covers most other versions that use the Win32 API.
Static Semantics
{
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The library package Directories has the following declaration:
{
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with Ada.IO_Exceptions;
with Ada.Calendar;
package Ada.Directories
with Global =>
in out synchronized is -- Directory and file operations:
function Current_Directory
return String;
procedure Set_Directory (Directory : in String);
procedure Create_Directory (New_Directory :
in String;
Form :
in String := "");
procedure Delete_Directory (Directory :
in String);
procedure Create_Path (New_Directory :
in String;
Form :
in String := "");
procedure Delete_Tree (Directory :
in String);
procedure Delete_File (Name :
in String);
procedure Rename (Old_Name, New_Name :
in String);
procedure Copy_File (Source_Name,
Target_Name :
in String;
Form :
in String := "");
-- File and directory name operations:
{
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function Full_Name (Name :
in String)
return String
with Nonblocking;
{
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function Simple_Name (Name :
in String)
return String
with Nonblocking;
{
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function Containing_Directory (Name :
in String)
return String
with Nonblocking;
{
AI12-0241-1}
function Extension (Name :
in String)
return String
with Nonblocking;
{
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function Base_Name (Name :
in String)
return String
with Nonblocking;
{
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function Compose (Containing_Directory :
in String := "";
Name :
in String;
Extension :
in String := "")
return String
with Nonblocking;
{
AI05-0049-1}
type Name_Case_Kind
is
(Unknown, Case_Sensitive, Case_Insensitive, Case_Preserving);
{
AI05-0049-1}
function Name_Case_Equivalence (Name :
in String)
return Name_Case_Kind;
-- File and directory queries:
type File_Kind
is (Directory, Ordinary_File, Special_File);
type File_Size
is range 0 ..
implementation-defined;
function Exists (Name :
in String)
return Boolean;
function Kind (Name :
in String)
return File_Kind;
function Size (Name :
in String)
return File_Size;
function Modification_Time (Name :
in String)
return Ada.Calendar.Time;
-- Directory searching:
type Directory_Entry_Type
is limited private;
type Filter_Type
is array (File_Kind)
of Boolean;
type Search_Type
is limited private;
procedure Start_Search (Search :
in out Search_Type;
Directory :
in String;
Pattern :
in String;
Filter :
in Filter_Type := (
others => True));
procedure End_Search (Search :
in out Search_Type);
function More_Entries (Search :
in Search_Type)
return Boolean;
procedure Get_Next_Entry (Search :
in out Search_Type;
Directory_Entry :
out Directory_Entry_Type);
{
AI12-0286-1}
procedure Search (
Directory :
in String;
Pattern :
in String;
Filter :
in Filter_Type := (
others => True);
Process :
not null access procedure (
Directory_Entry :
in Directory_Entry_Type))
with Allows_Exit;
-- Operations on Directory Entries:
function Simple_Name (Directory_Entry :
in Directory_Entry_Type)
return String;
function Full_Name (Directory_Entry :
in Directory_Entry_Type)
return String;
function Kind (Directory_Entry :
in Directory_Entry_Type)
return File_Kind;
function Size (Directory_Entry :
in Directory_Entry_Type)
return File_Size;
function Modification_Time (Directory_Entry :
in Directory_Entry_Type)
return Ada.Calendar.Time;
Status_Error :
exception renames Ada.IO_Exceptions.Status_Error;
Name_Error :
exception renames Ada.IO_Exceptions.Name_Error;
Use_Error :
exception renames Ada.IO_Exceptions.Use_Error;
Device_Error :
exception renames Ada.IO_Exceptions.Device_Error;
{
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private
... --
not specified by the language
end Ada.Directories;
{
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External files may be classified as directories, special files, or ordinary
files. A
directory is an external file that is a container for
files on the target system. A
special file is an external file
that cannot be created or read by a predefined Ada input-output package.
External files that are not special files or directories are called
ordinary
files.
Ramification: A directory is an external
file, although it may not have a name on some targets. A directory is
not a special file, as it can be created and read by Directories.
Discussion: Devices and soft links are
examples of special files on Windows® and Unix.
Even if an implementation provides a package
to create and read soft links, such links are still special files.
{
AI95-00248-01}
A
file name is a string identifying an external file. Similarly,
a
directory name is a string identifying a directory. The interpretation
of file names and directory names is implementation defined.
Implementation defined: The interpretation
of file names and directory names.
{
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The
full name of an external file is a full specification of the
name of the file. If the external environment allows alternative specifications
of the name (for example, abbreviations), the full name should not use
such alternatives. A full name typically will include the names of all
of the directories that contain the item. The
simple name of an
external file is the name of the item, not including any containing directory
names. Unless otherwise specified, a file name or directory name parameter
in a call to a predefined Ada input-output subprogram can be a full name,
a simple name, or any other form of name supported by the implementation.
Discussion: The full name on Unix is
a complete path to the root. For Windows®, the full name includes
a complete path, as well as a disk name ("C:") or network share
name. For both systems, the simple name is the part of the name following
the last '/' (or '\' for Windows®). For example, in the name "/usr/randy/ada-directories.ads",
"ada-directories.ads" is the simple name.
Ramification: It is possible for a file
or directory name to be neither a full name nor a simple name. For instance,
the Unix name "../parent/myfile" is neither a full name nor
a simple name.
{
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A
root directory is a directory that has no containing directory.
Implementation Note: For Unix and Unix-like
systems, "/" is the root. For Windows®, "C:\"
and "\\Computer\Share" are roots.
{
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The
default directory is the directory that is used if a directory
or file name is not a full name (that is, when the name does not fully
identify all of the containing directories).
Discussion: The default directory is
the one maintained by the familiar “cd” command on Unix and
Windows®. Note that Windows® maintains separate default directories
for each disk drive; implementations should use the natural implementation.
{
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A
directory entry is a single item in a directory, identifying
a single external file (including directories and special files).
{
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For each function that returns a string, the lower bound of the returned
value is 1.
{
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The following file and directory operations are provided:
function Current_Directory return String;
Returns the full
directory name for the current default directory. The name returned shall
be suitable for a future call to Set_Directory. The exception Use_Error
is propagated if a default directory is not supported by the external
environment.
procedure Set_Directory (Directory : in String);
Sets the current
default directory. The exception Name_Error is propagated if the string
given as Directory does not identify an existing directory. The exception
Use_Error is propagated if the external environment does not support
making Directory (in the absence of Name_Error) a default directory.
procedure Create_Directory (New_Directory : in String;
Form : in String := "");
Creates a directory
with name New_Directory. The Form parameter can be used to give system-dependent
characteristics of the directory; the interpretation of the Form parameter
is implementation defined. A null string for Form specifies the use of
the default options of the implementation of the new directory. The exception
Name_Error is propagated if the string given as New_Directory does not
allow the identification of a directory. The exception Use_Error is propagated
if the external environment does not support the creation of a directory
with the given name (in the absence of Name_Error) and form.
procedure Delete_Directory (Directory : in String);
{
AI05-0231-1}
Deletes an existing empty directory with name Directory. The exception
Name_Error is propagated if the string given as Directory does not identify
an existing directory. The exception Use_Error is propagated if the directory
is not empty or the external environment does not support the deletion
of the directory with the given name (in the absence of Name_Error).
procedure Create_Path (New_Directory : in String;
Form : in String := "");
{
AI05-0271-1}
Creates zero or more directories with name New_Directory. Each nonexistent
directory named by New_Directory is created.[ For example, on a typical
Unix system, Create_Path ("/usr/me/my"); would create directory
"me" in directory "usr", then create directory "my"
in directory "me".] The Form parameter can be used to give
system-dependent characteristics of the directory; the interpretation
of the Form parameter is implementation defined. A null string for Form
specifies the use of the default options of the implementation of the
new directory. The exception Name_Error is propagated if the string given
as New_Directory does not allow the identification of any directory.
The exception Use_Error is propagated if the external environment does
not support the creation of any directories with the given name (in the
absence of Name_Error) and form. If Use_Error is propagated, it is unspecified
whether a portion of the directory path is created.
procedure Delete_Tree (Directory : in String);
Deletes an existing
directory with name Directory. The directory and all of its contents
(possibly including other directories) are deleted. The exception Name_Error
is propagated if the string given as Directory does not identify an existing
directory. The exception Use_Error is propagated if the external environment
does not support the deletion of the directory or some portion of its
contents with the given name (in the absence of Name_Error). If Use_Error
is propagated, it is unspecified whether a portion of the contents of
the directory is deleted.
procedure Delete_File (Name : in String);
Deletes an existing
ordinary or special file with name Name. The exception Name_Error is
propagated if the string given as Name does not identify an existing
ordinary or special external file. The exception Use_Error is propagated
if the external environment does not support the deletion of the file
with the given name (in the absence of Name_Error).
procedure Rename (Old_Name, New_Name : in String);
{
AI05-0231-1}
Renames an existing external file (including directories) with name Old_Name
to New_Name. The exception Name_Error is propagated if the string given
as Old_Name does not identify an existing external file or if the string
given as New_Name does not allow the identification of an external file.
The exception Use_Error is propagated if the external environment does
not support the renaming of the file with the given name (in the absence
of Name_Error). In particular, Use_Error is propagated if a file or directory
already exists with name New_Name.
Implementation Note: This operation is
expected to work within a single directory, and implementers are encouraged
to support it across directories on a single device. Copying files from
one device to another is discouraged (that's what Copy_File is for).
However, there is no requirement to detect file copying by the target
system. If the target system has an API that gives that for “free”,
it can be used. For Windows®, for instance, MoveFile can be used
to implement Rename.
{
AI05-0092-1}
procedure Copy_File (Source_Name,
Target_Name :
in String;
Form :
in String := "");
{
AI05-0271-1}
Copies the contents of the existing external file with name Source_Name
to an external file with name Target_Name. The resulting external file
is a duplicate of the source external file. The Form parameter can be
used to give system-dependent characteristics of the resulting external
file; the interpretation of the Form parameter is implementation defined.
Exception Name_Error is propagated if the string given as Source_Name
does not identify an existing external ordinary or special file, or if
the string given as Target_Name does not allow the identification of
an external file. The exception Use_Error is propagated if the external
environment does not support creating the file with the name given by
Target_Name and form given by Form, or copying of the file with the name
given by Source_Name (in the absence of Name_Error). If Use_Error is
propagated, it is unspecified whether a portion of the file is copied.
Ramification: Name_Error is always raised
if Source_Name identifies a directory. It is up to the implementation
whether special files can be copied, or if Use_Error will be raised.
{
AI95-00248-01}
The following file and directory name operations are provided:
function Full_Name (Name : in String) return String;
Returns the full
name corresponding to the file name specified by Name. The exception
Name_Error is propagated if the string given as Name does not allow the
identification of an external file (including directories and special
files).
Discussion: Full name means that no abbreviations
are used in the returned name, and that it is a full specification of
the name. Thus, for Unix and Windows®, the result should be a full
path that does not contain any "." or ".." directories.
Typically, the default directory is used to fill in any missing information.
function Simple_Name (Name : in String) return String;
{
AI12-0337-1}
{
AI12-0433-1}
Returns the simple name portion of the file name specified by Name. The
simple name of a root directory is a name of the root itself. The exception
Name_Error is propagated if the string given as Name does not allow the
identification of an external file (including directories and special
files).
Discussion: {
AI12-0337-1}
The result of Simple_Name corresponds to the result of the “basename”
command on Linux and Unix. If the filename ends with a '/', and is not
a root, then “basename” returns the part in front of all
of the trailing '/'s. It returns a root intact. The null string is never
returned. Similar rules should be used for Windows filenames.
function Containing_Directory (Name : in String) return String;
Returns the name
of the containing directory of the external file (including directories)
identified by Name. (If more than one directory can contain Name, the
directory name returned is implementation defined.) The exception Name_Error
is propagated if the string given as Name does not allow the identification
of an external file. The exception Use_Error is propagated if the external
file does not have a containing directory.
Discussion: This is purely a string manipulation
function. If Name is not given as a full name, the containing directory
probably won't be one, either. For example, if Containing_Directory ("..\AARM\RM-A-8")
is called on Windows®, the result should be "..\AARM".
If there is no path at all on the name, the result should be "."
(which represents the current directory). Use Full_Name on the result
of Containing_Directory if the full name is needed.
Ramification: {
AI12-0337-1}
Containing_Directory raises Use_Error when passed a string representing
a root directory.
function Extension (Name : in String) return String;
Returns the extension
name corresponding to Name. The extension name is a portion of a simple
name (not including any separator characters), typically used to identify
the file class. If the external environment does not have extension names,
then the null string is returned. The exception Name_Error is propagated
if the string given as Name does not allow the identification of an external
file.
Discussion: For Unix and Windows®,
the extension is the portion of the simple name following the rightmost
period. For example, in the simple name "RM-A-8.html", the
extension is "html".
function Base_Name (Name : in String) return String;
Returns the base
name corresponding to Name. The base name is the remainder of a simple
name after removing any extension and extension separators. The exception
Name_Error is propagated if the string given as Name does not allow the
identification of an external file (including directories and special
files).
Discussion: For Unix and Windows®,
the base name is the portion of the simple name preceding the rightmost
period (except for the special directory names "." and "..",
whose Base_Name is "." and ".."). For example, in
the simple name "RM-A-8.html", the base name is "RM-A-8".
function Compose (Containing_Directory : in String := "";
Name : in String;
Extension : in String := "") return String;
{
AI05-0264-1}
{
AI12-0337-1}
Returns the name of the external file with the specified Containing_Directory,
Name, and Extension. If Extension is the null string, then Name is interpreted
as a simple name; otherwise, Name is interpreted as a base name. The
exception Name_Error is propagated if:
the string given as Containing_Directory
is not null and does not allow the identification of a directory;
the string given as Extension is not null
and is not a possible extension;
the string given as Name is not a possible
simple name (if Extension is null) or base name (if Extension is nonnull);
or
{
AI12-0337-1}
the string given as Name is a root directory, and Containing_Directory
or Extension is nonnull.
Ramification: The above definition implies
that if the Extension is null, for Unix and Windows® no '.' is added
to Name.
Discussion: If Name is null, Name_Error
should be raised, as nothing is not a possible simple name or base name.
Generally, Compose(Containing_Directory(F),
Base_Name(F),Extension(F)) = F. However, this is not true on Unix or
Windows® for file names that end with a '.'; Compose(Base_Name("Fooey."),Extension("Fooey."))
= "Fooey". This is not a problem for Windows®, as the names
have the same meaning with or without the '.', but these are different
names for Unix. Thus, care needs to be taken on Unix; if Extension is
null, Base_Name should be avoided. (That's not usually a problem with
file names generated by a program.)
{
AI05-0049-1}
function Name_Case_Equivalence (Name :
in String)
return Name_Case_Kind;
{
AI05-0049-1}
{
AI05-0248-1}
Returns the file name equivalence rule for the directory containing Name.
Raises Name_Error if Name is not a full name. Returns Case_Sensitive
if file names that differ only in the case of letters are considered
different names. If file names that differ only in the case of letters
are considered the same name, then Case_Preserving is returned if names
have the case of the file name used when a file is created; and Case_Insensitive
is returned otherwise. Returns Unknown if the file name equivalence is
not known.
Implementation Note: Unix, Linux, and
their relatives are Case_Sensitive systems. Microsoft® Windows®
is a Case_Preserving system (unless the rarely used POSIX mode is used).
Ancient systems like CP/M and early MS-DOS were Case_Insensitive systems
(file names were always in UPPER CASE). Unknown is provided in case it
is impossible to tell (such as could be the case for network files).
{
AI95-00248-01}
The following file and directory queries and types are provided:
type File_Kind is (Directory, Ordinary_File, Special_File);
The type File_Kind
represents the kind of file represented by an external file or directory.
type File_Size is range 0 .. implementation-defined;
The type File_Size
represents the size of an external file.
Implementation defined: The maximum value
for a file size in Directories.
function Exists (Name : in String) return Boolean;
Returns True if
an external file represented by Name exists, and False otherwise. The
exception Name_Error is propagated if the string given as Name does not
allow the identification of an external file (including directories and
special files).
function Kind (Name : in String) return File_Kind;
Returns the kind
of external file represented by Name. The exception Name_Error is propagated
if the string given as Name does not allow the identification of an existing
external file.
function Size (Name : in String) return File_Size;
Returns the size
of the external file represented by Name. The size of an external file
is the number of stream elements contained in the file. If the external
file is not an ordinary file, the result is implementation defined. The
exception Name_Error is propagated if the string given as Name does not
allow the identification of an existing external file. The exception
Constraint_Error is propagated if the file size is not a value of type
File_Size.
Implementation defined: The result for
Directories.Size for a directory or special file.
Discussion:
We allow raising Constraint_Error, so that an implementation for
a system with 64-bit file sizes does not need to support full numerics
on 64-bit integers just to implement this package. Of course, if 64-bit
integers are available on such a system, they should be used when defining
type File_Size.
function Modification_Time (Name : in String) return Ada.Calendar.Time;
Returns the time
that the external file represented by Name was most recently modified.
If the external file is not an ordinary file, the result is implementation
defined. The exception Name_Error is propagated if the string given as
Name does not allow the identification of an existing external file.
The exception Use_Error is propagated if the external environment does
not support reading the modification time of the file with the name given
by Name (in the absence of Name_Error).
Implementation defined: The result for
Directories.Modification_Time for a directory or special file.
{
AI95-00248-01}
The following directory searching operations and types are provided:
type Directory_Entry_Type is limited private;
The type Directory_Entry_Type
represents a single item in a directory. These items can only be created
by the Get_Next_Entry procedure in this package. Information about the
item can be obtained from the functions declared in this package. A default-initialized
object of this type is invalid; objects returned from Get_Next_Entry
are valid.
type Filter_Type is array (File_Kind) of Boolean;
The type Filter_Type
specifies which directory entries are provided from a search operation.
If the Directory component is True, directory entries representing directories
are provided. If the Ordinary_File component is True, directory entries
representing ordinary files are provided. If the Special_File component
is True, directory entries representing special files are provided.
type Search_Type is limited private;
The type Search_Type
contains the state of a directory search. A default-initialized Search_Type
object has no entries available (function More_Entries returns False).
Type Search_Type needs finalization
(see
7.6).
procedure Start_Search (Search : in out Search_Type;
Directory : in String;
Pattern : in String;
Filter : in Filter_Type := (others => True));
{
AI05-0092-1}
{
AI05-0262-1}
Starts a search in the directory named by Directory for entries matching
Pattern and Filter. Pattern represents a pattern for matching file names.
If Pattern is the null string, all items in the directory are matched;
otherwise, the interpretation of Pattern is implementation defined. Only
items that match Filter will be returned. After a successful call on
Start_Search, the object Search may have entries available, but it may
have no entries available if no files or directories match Pattern and
Filter. The exception Name_Error is propagated if the string given by
Directory does not identify an existing directory, or if Pattern does
not allow the identification of any possible external file or directory.
The exception Use_Error is propagated if the external environment does
not support the searching of the directory with the given name (in the
absence of Name_Error). When Start_Search propagates Name_Error or Use_Error,
the object Search will have no entries available.
Implementation defined: The interpretation
of a nonnull search pattern in Directories.
procedure End_Search (Search : in out Search_Type);
Ends the search
represented by Search. After a successful call on End_Search, the object
Search will have no entries available.
Ramification: The only way that a call
to End_Search could be unsuccessful if Device_Error (see
A.13)
is raised because of an underlying failure (or bug).
function More_Entries (Search : in Search_Type) return Boolean;
Returns True if
more entries are available to be returned by a call to Get_Next_Entry
for the specified search object, and False otherwise.
procedure Get_Next_Entry (Search : in out Search_Type;
Directory_Entry : out Directory_Entry_Type);
{
AI05-0262-1}
Returns the next Directory_Entry for the search described by Search that
matches the pattern and filter. If no further matches are available,
Status_Error is raised. It is implementation defined as to whether the
results returned by this subprogram are altered if the contents of the
directory are altered while the Search object is valid (for example,
by another program). The exception Use_Error is propagated if the external
environment does not support continued searching of the directory represented
by Search.
Implementation defined: The results of
a Directories search if the contents of the directory are altered while
a search is in progress.
{
AI12-0286-1}
procedure Search (
Directory :
in String;
Pattern :
in String;
Filter :
in Filter_Type := (
others => True);
Process :
not null access procedure (
Directory_Entry :
in Directory_Entry_Type))
with Allows_Exit;
{
AI05-0092-1}
{
AI05-0262-1}
Searches in the directory named by Directory for entries matching Pattern
and Filter. The subprogram designated by Process is called with each
matching entry in turn. Pattern represents a pattern for matching file
names. If Pattern is the null string, all items in the directory are
matched; otherwise, the interpretation of Pattern is implementation defined.
Only items that match Filter will be returned. The exception Name_Error
is propagated if the string given by Directory does not identify an existing
directory, or if Pattern does not allow the identification of any possible
external file or directory. The exception Use_Error is propagated if
the external environment does not support the searching of the directory
with the given name (in the absence of Name_Error).
Discussion: “In turn” means
that the calls to the subprogram designated by Process are not made in
parallel; they can be made in any order but must be in sequence.
function Simple_Name (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type)
return String;
Returns the simple
external name of the external file (including directories) represented
by Directory_Entry. The format of the name returned is implementation
defined. The exception Status_Error is propagated if Directory_Entry
is invalid.
function Full_Name (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type)
return String;
Returns the full
external name of the external file (including directories) represented
by Directory_Entry. The format of the name returned is implementation
defined. The exception Status_Error is propagated if Directory_Entry
is invalid.
function Kind (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type)
return File_Kind;
Returns the kind
of external file represented by Directory_Entry. The exception Status_Error
is propagated if Directory_Entry is invalid.
function Size (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type)
return File_Size;
Returns the size
of the external file represented by Directory_Entry. The size of an external
file is the number of stream elements contained in the file. If the external
file represented by Directory_Entry is not an ordinary file, the result
is implementation defined. The exception Status_Error is propagated if
Directory_Entry is invalid. The exception Constraint_Error is propagated
if the file size is not a value of type File_Size.
function Modification_Time (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type)
return Ada.Calendar.Time;
Returns the time
that the external file represented by Directory_Entry was most recently
modified. If the external file represented by Directory_Entry is not
an ordinary file, the result is implementation defined. The exception
Status_Error is propagated if Directory_Entry is invalid. The exception
Use_Error is propagated if the external environment does not support
reading the modification time of the file represented by Directory_Entry.
Implementation Requirements
For Copy_File, if Source_Name identifies an existing
external ordinary file created by a predefined Ada input-output package,
and Target_Name and Form can be used in the Create operation of that
input-output package with mode Out_File without raising an exception,
then Copy_File shall not propagate Use_Error.
Discussion: This means that Copy_File
will copy any file that the Ada programmer could copy (by writing some
possibly complicated Ada code).
Implementation Advice
If other information about a file (such as the owner
or creation date) is available in a directory entry, the implementation
should provide functions in a child package Directories.Information to
retrieve it.
Implementation Advice: Package Directories.Information
should be provided to retrieve other information about a file.
Implementation
Note: For Windows®, Directories.Information should contain at
least the following routines:
{
AI12-0302-1}
package Ada.Directories.Information
with Global =>
in out synchronized is
--
System-specific directory information.
--
Version for the Microsoft® Windows® operating system. function Creation_Time (Name : in String) return Ada.Calendar.Time;
function Last_Access_Time (Name : in String) return Ada.Calendar.Time;
function Is_Read_Only (Name : in String) return Boolean;
function Needs_Archiving (Name : in String) return Boolean;
-- This generally means that the file needs to be backed up.
-- The flag is only cleared by backup programs.
function Is_Compressed (Name : in String) return Boolean;
function Is_Encrypted (Name : in String) return Boolean;
function Is_Hidden (Name : in String) return Boolean;
function Is_System (Name : in String) return Boolean;
function Is_Offline (Name : in String) return Boolean;
function Is_Temporary (Name : in String) return Boolean;
function Is_Sparse (Name : in String) return Boolean;
function Is_Not_Indexed (Name : in String) return Boolean;
function Creation_Time (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type)
return Ada.Calendar.Time;
function Last_Access_Time (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type)
return Ada.Calendar.Time;
function Is_Read_Only (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type) return Boolean;
function Needs_Archiving (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type) return Boolean;
-- This generally means that the file needs to be backed up.
-- The flag is only cleared by backup programs.
function Is_Compressed (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type) return Boolean;
function Is_Encrypted (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type) return Boolean;
function Is_Hidden (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type) return Boolean;
function Is_System (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type) return Boolean;
function Is_Offline (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type) return Boolean;
function Is_Temporary (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type) return Boolean;
function Is_Sparse (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type) return Boolean;
function Is_Not_Indexed (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type) return Boolean;
-- Additional implementation-defined subprograms allowed here.
end Ada.Directories.Information;
For Unix-like
systems (Unix, POSIX, Linux, etc.), Directories.Information should contain
at least the following routines:
{
AI12-0302-1}
package Ada.Directories.Information
with Global =>
in out synchronized is
--
System-specific directory information.
--
Unix and similar systems version. function Last_Access_Time (Name : in String) return Ada.Calendar.Time;
function Last_Status_Change_Time (Name : in String) return Ada.Calendar.Time;
type Permission is
(Others_Execute, Others_Write, Others_Read,
Group_Execute, Group_Write, Group_Read,
Owner_Execute, Owner_Write, Owner_Read,
Set_Group_ID, Set_User_ID);
type Permission_Set_Type is array (Permission) of Boolean;
function Permission_Set (Name : in String) return Permission_Set_Type;
function Owner (Name : in String) return String;
-- Returns the image of the User_Id. If a definition of User_Id
-- is available, an implementation-defined version of Owner
-- returning User_Id should also be defined.
{
AI05-0005-1}
function Group (Name :
in String)
return String;
--
Returns the image of the Group_Id. If a definition of Group_Id
--
is available, an implementation-defined version of Group
--
returning Group_Id should also be defined. function Is_Block_Special_File (Name : in String) return Boolean;
function Is_Character_Special_File (Name : in String) return Boolean;
function Is_FIFO (Name : in String) return Boolean;
function Is_Symbolic_Link (Name : in String) return Boolean;
function Is_Socket (Name : in String) return Boolean;
function Last_Access_Time (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type)
return Ada.Calendar.Time;
function Last_Status_Change_Time (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type)
return Ada.Calendar.Time;
function Permission_Set (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type)
return Permission_Set_Type;
function Owner (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type) return String;
-- See Owner above.
function Group (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type) return String;
-- See Group above.
function Is_Block_Special_File (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type)
return Boolean;
function Is_Character_Special_File (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type)
return Boolean;
function Is_FIFO (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type) return Boolean;
function Is_Symbolic_Link (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type)
return Boolean;
function Is_Socket (Directory_Entry : in Directory_Entry_Type) return Boolean;
-- Additional implementation-defined subprograms allowed here.
end Ada.Directories.Information;
We give these definitions to give guidance so
that every implementation for a given target is not unnecessarily different.
Implementers are encouraged to make packages for other targets as similar
to these as possible.
{
AI05-0231-1}
{
AI12-0439-1}
Start_Search and Search should raise Name_Error if Pattern is malformed,
but not if it can represent a file in the directory but does not actually
do so.
Implementation Advice: Directories.Start_Search
and Directories.Search should raise Name_Error for malformed patterns.
Rename should be supported at least when both New_Name
and Old_Name are simple names and New_Name does not identify an existing
external file.
Implementation Advice: Directories.Rename
should be supported at least when both New_Name and Old_Name are simple
names and New_Name does not identify an existing external file.
Discussion: “Supported” includes
raising an exception if either name is malformed, the file to rename
doesn't exist, insufficient permission for the operation exists, or similar
problems. But this advice requires implementations to document what they
do, and tells implementers that simply raising Use_Error isn't acceptable.
NOTE 1 {
AI12-0442-1}
The operations Containing_Directory, Full_Name, Simple_Name, Base_Name,
Extension, and Compose operate on file names, not external files. The
files identified by these operations do not necessarily exist. Name_Error
is raised only if the file name is malformed and cannot possibly identify
a file. Of these operations, only the result of Full_Name depends on
the current default directory; the result of the others depends only
on their parameters.
NOTE 2 Using access types, values
of Search_Type and Directory_Entry_Type can be saved and queried later.
However, another task or application can modify or delete the file represented
by a Directory_Entry_Type value or the directory represented by a Search_Type
value; such a value can only give the information valid at the time it
is created. Therefore, long-term storage of these values is not recommended.
NOTE 3 If the target system does
not support directories inside of directories, then Kind will never return
Directory and Containing_Directory will always raise Use_Error.
NOTE 4 If the target system does
not support creation or deletion of directories, then Create_Directory,
Create_Path, Delete_Directory, and Delete_Tree will always propagate
Use_Error.
NOTE 5 {
AI12-0442-1}
{
AI12-0447-1}
To move a file or directory to a different location, use Rename. Most
target systems will allow renaming of files from one directory to another.
If the target file or directory can already exist, it should be deleted
first.
Discussion:
While Rename is only guaranteed to work for name changes within a
single directory, its unlikely that implementers would purposely prevent
functionality present in the underlying system from working. To move
a file totally portably, it's necessary to handle failure of the Rename
and fall back to Copy_File and Delete:
begin
Rename (Source, Target);
exception
when Use_Error =>
Copy_File (Source, Target);
Delete (Source);
end;
Extensions to Ada 95
Inconsistencies With Ada 2005
{
AI05-0231-1}
Correction: Clarified when and which exceptions
are raised for Start_Search, Search, Delete_Directory, and Rename. If
an implementation followed the original incorrect wording, it might raise
Use_Error instead of Name_Error for Start_Search and Search, Name_Error
instead of Use_Error for Rename, and might have deleted a nonempty directory
instead of raising Use_Error for Delete_Directory. The first two cases
are very unlikely to matter in practice, and it unlikely that an implementation
would have followed the latter implementation strategy, as it would be
more work and would make Delete_Directory identical to Delete_Tree (which
is obvious nonsense).
Incompatibilities With Ada 2005
{
AI05-0049-1}
A new enumeration type Name_Case_Kind and a new function
Name_Case_Equivalence is added to Directories. If Directories is referenced
in a
use_clause,
and an entity
E with a
defining_identifier
of one of the new entities is defined in a package that is also referenced
in a
use_clause,
the entity
E may no longer be use-visible, resulting in errors.
This should be rare and is easily fixed if it does occur.
Wording Changes from Ada 2005
{
AI05-0271-1}
Correction: We now explicitly say that the behavior of Create_Path
and Copy_File is unspecified when Use_Error is raised. Nothing has changed
here, as the behavior was (implicitly) unspecified in the 2007 Amendment.
Wording Changes from Ada 2012
{
AI12-0337-1}
{
AI12-0433-1}
Correction: Clarified the meaning of Simple_Name in the case that
the parameter is a root directory. This was not previously described.
Ada 2005 and 2012 Editions sponsored in part by Ada-Europe
