9.6 Delay Statements, Duration, and Time

Implementation defined: Any implementation-defined time types.

Reason: {AI95-00351-01} A range of 500 years was chosen, as that only requires one extra bit for the year as compared to Ada 95. This was done to minimize disruptions with existing implementations. (One implementor reports that their time values represent nanoseconds, and this year range requires 63.77 bits to represent.) 

Implementation defined: The time base associated with relative delays.

Ramification: Rounding up to the next clock tick means that the reading of the delay-relative clock when the delay expires should be no less than the current reading of the delay-relative clock plus the specified duration. 

Discussion: For a delay_relative_statement, this case corresponds to when the value of the delay_expression is zero or negative.

Even though the task is not blocked, it might be put back on the end of its ready queue. See D.2, “Priority Scheduling”. 

Reason: This is worded this way so that in an asynchronous_select where the triggering_statement is a delay_statement, an attempt to cancel the delay when the abortable_part completes is ignored if the expiration time has already passed, in which case the optional statements of the triggering_alternative are executed. 

Implementation defined: The time base of the type Calendar.Time.

Implementation defined: The time zone used for package Calendar operations.

Ramification: {AI05-0119-1} The behavior of these values and subprograms if the time zone changes is also implementation-defined. In particular, the changes associated with summer time adjustments (like Daylight Savings Time in the United States) should be treated as a change in the implementation-defined time zone. The language does not specify whether the time zone information is stored in values of type Time; therefore the results of binary operators are unspecified when the operands are the two values with different effective time zones. In particular, the results of "-" may differ from the "real" result by the difference in the time zone adjustment. Similarly, the result of UTC_Time_Offset (see 9.6.1) may or may not reflect a time zone adjustment. 

To be honest: {8652/0106} {AI95-00160-01} By "proper date" above we mean that the given year has a month with the given day. For example, February 29th is a proper date only for a leap year. We do not mean to include the Seconds in this notion; in particular, we do not mean to require implementations to check for the “missing hour” that occurs when Daylight Savings Time starts in the spring. 

Reason: {8652/0030} {AI95-00113-01} {AI95-00351-01} We allow Year and Split to raise Time_Error because the arithmetic operators are allowed (but not required) to produce times that are outside the range of years from 1901 to 2399. This is similar to the way integer operators may return values outside the base range of their type so long as the value is mathematically correct. We allow the functions Month, Day and Seconds to raise Time_Error so that they can be implemented in terms of Split. 

Implementation defined: Any limit on delay_until_statements of select_statements.

Implementation Note: This allows an implementation to implement select_statement timeouts using a representation that does not support the full range of a time type. In particular 90 days of seconds can be represented in 23 bits, allowing a signed 24-bit representation for the seconds part of a timeout. There is no similar restriction allowed for stand-alone delay_until_statements, as these can be implemented internally using a loop if necessary to accommodate a long delay. 

Implementation Note: This can be satisfied using a 32-bit 2's complement representation with a small of 2.0**(–14) — that is, 61 microseconds — and a range of ± 2.0**17 — that is, 131_072.0. 

Implementation Advice: The value of Duration'Small should be no greater than 100 microseconds.

Implementation Advice: The time base for delay_relative_statements should be monotonic.

Ramification: The inaccuracy of the delay_statement has no relation to System.Tick. In particular, it is possible that the clock used for the delay_statement is less accurate than Calendar.Clock.

We considered making Tick a run-time-determined quantity, to allow for easier configurability. However, this would not be upward compatible, and the desired configurability can be achieved using functionality defined in Annex D, “Real-Time Systems”. 

For programs that raise Time_Error on "+" or "–" in Ada 83,the exception might be deferred until a call on Split or Year_Number, or might not be raised at all (if the offending time is never Split after being calculated). This should not affect typical programs, since they deal only with times corresponding to the relatively recent past or near future. 

The syntax rule for delay_statement is modified to allow delay_until_statements.

{AI95-00351-01} The type Time may represent dates with year numbers outside of Year_Number. Therefore, the operations "+" and "–" need only raise Time_Error if the result is not representable in Time (or Duration); also, Split or Year will now raise Time_Error if the year number is outside of Year_Number. This change is intended to simplify the implementation of "+" and "–" (allowing them to depend on overflow for detecting when to raise Time_Error) and to allow local time zone information to be considered at the time of Split rather than Clock (depending on the implementation approach). For example, in a POSIX environment, it is natural for the type Time to be based on GMT, and the results of procedure Split (and the functions Year, Month, Day, and Seconds) to depend on local time zone information. In other environments, it is more natural for the type Time to be based on the local time zone, with the results of Year, Month, Day, and Seconds being pure functions of their input.

This paragraph was deleted.{AI95-00351-01}

{AI95-00351-01} The upper bound of Year_Number has been changed to avoid a year 2100 problem. A program which expects years past 2099 to raise Constraint_Error will fail in Ada 2005. We don't expect there to be many programs which are depending on an exception to be raised. A program that uses Year_Number'Last as a magic number may also fail if values of Time are stored outside of the program. Note that the lower bound of Year_Number wasn't changed, because it is not unusual to use that value in a constant to represent an unknown time. 

{8652/0002} {AI95-00171-01} Corrigendum: Clarified that Month, Day, and Seconds can raise Time_Error.